Всички публикации на хартиен носител от абонамента са на разположение за ползване от членовете на НКО (срещу членска карта) в лаб. 12305, ЕФ на ТУ – София. Допускането до лаборатория 12305 става всеки работен ден от Камен Георгиев (kamen_g@tu-sofia.bg) или Дилян Иванов (dilyanivanov@tu-sofia.bg)
This International Standard was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting, in collaboration with the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).
This first edition of ISO/CIE 8995-1 cancels and replaces ISO 8995-1:2002, which has been technically revised.
Good lighting requires equal attention to the quantity and quality of the lighting. While the provision of sufficient illuminance on the task is necessary, in many instances the visibility depends on the way in which the light is delivered, the colour characteristics of the light source and surfaces together with the level of glare from the system. In this International Standard, opportunity was taken to specify for various work places and task types, not just the illuminance, but also the limiting of discomfort glare and minimum colour rendering index of the source. Parameters to create comfortable visual conditions are proposed in the body of this International Standard. The recommended values are considered to represent a reasonable balance, having regard to the requirements for safe, healthy, and efficient work performance. The values can be achieved with practical energy efficient solutions.
There are also visual ergonomic parameters such as perceptual ability and the characteristics and attributes of the task, which determine the quality of the operator’s visual skills, and hence performance levels. In some cases, enhancement of these influencing factors can improve performance without the need to raise illuminance. This can be achieved, for example by improving the contrast of the task attributes, enlarging the task by the use of up to date visual aids (e.g. glasses) and by the provision of special lighting systems with local directional lighting capability.
This International Standard specifies lighting requirements for humans in indoor work places, which meet the needs for visual comfort, performance and safety of people having normal, or corrected to normal visual capacity and response to light. It specifies requirements for lighting solutions for typical indoor work places and their associated areas in terms of quantity and quality of illumination. The illumination can be provided by daylight, electric light sources, or a combination of both.
It also gives recommendations for good lighting to fulfil the needs of integrative lighting. It neither provides specific solutions nor recommendations for atmosphere or aesthetics created by lighting. It does not restrict the designers’ freedom from exploring new techniques nor restrict the use of innovative equipment.
ISO/CIE 28077 was prepared by CIE Technical Committee 6-32, Action Spectrum for Photocarcinogenesis, as CIE S 019. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting.
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is recognized as a major cause of non-melanoma skin cancer in human beings. Skin cancer occurs most frequently in the most heavily exposed areas and correlates with degree of outdoor exposure. Describing the relationship of exposure (dose) to risk (skin cancer) requires the availability of a spectral weighting function or action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis. This document proposes the adoption of an action spectrum (weighting function) derived from experimental laboratory data and modified to estimate the non-melanoma tumour response in human skin. The experimental data are not sufficient for specifying effectiveness above 400 nm, but experimental data are sufficient for estimating effectiveness from 400 nm down to about 250 nm.
Glare models developed for electric lighting conditions are not applicable to daylight situations. This report summarizes the daylight glare prediction models which were confirmed by independent studies.
The cause of the sensation of discomfort glare appears to be a compound of two effects:
contrast effect and total-amount effect. Total-amount glare is caused by the total amount of light reaching the eye, whereas contrast glare is caused by extreme luminance contrasts in the field of view. The glare prediction models are divided into three types: contrast-based, total-amount-based and hybrid models. The practical problems of the models, e.g. definition of the glare source, subjective rating scale, and applicability and limitation of the models are discussed. Moreover, factors other than the four main variables to consider (glare source luminance, background luminance, solid angle of the glare source, position index) are summarized. It is important to consider the limitations and conditions for which each of the prediction models is valid to select the most appropriate one based on the specific situation.
This International Standard was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting, in collaboration with the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).
This first edition of ISO/CIE 10916 cancels and replaces ISO 10916:2014, which has been technically revised.
This International Standard is part of a set of standards which allows users to rate the overall energetic performance of buildings. Facades and rooflights have a key impact on the building’s energy balance. This document supports daylighting and lighting-energy-related analysis and optimization of facade and rooflight systems.
This International Standard defines the calculation methodology for determining the monthly and annual amount of usable daylight penetrating non-residential buildings through vertical facades and rooflights and the impact thereof on the energy demand for electric lighting. It is applicable for existing buildings and the design of new and renovated buildings. It also provides the overall lighting energy balance equation relating the installed power density of the electric lighting system with daylight supply and lighting controls (proof calculation method).
For estimating the daylight supply and rating daylight -dependent electric lighting control systems, a simple table-based calculation approach is provided. The simple method describes the division of a building into zones as required for daylight illumination-engineering purposes, as well as considerations on the way in which daylight supplied by vertical facade systems and rooflights is utilized and how daylight-dependent lighting control systems affect energy demand. Dynamic vertical facades with optional shading and light redirection properties are considered, i.e. allowing a separate optimization of facade solutions under direct insolation and under diffuse skies. For rooflighting systems, standard, static solutions like shed rooflights and continuous rooflights are considered. The method is applicable for different latitudes and climates. For standard building zones (utilizations), operation times are provided.
For detailed analysis, an approach to calculate the effect of daylight on the lighting energy demand on an hourly or sub-hourly basis is provided in this International Standard. Relevant quantities are modelled explicitly and are then interacting directly with sensors, actuators and functional elements of the building automation and control system (BACS) or are triggering user interaction.
To support overall building performance assessment, additional daylight performance indicators on the overall building level are provided in this International Standard.
This International Standard was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting, in collaboration with the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).
This first edition of ISO/CIE 10916 cancels and replaces ISO 10916:2014, which has been technically revised.
This International Standard is part of a set of standards which allows users to rate the overall energetic performance of buildings. Facades and rooflights have a key impact on the building’s energy balance. This document supports daylighting and lighting-energy-related analysis and optimization of facade and rooflight systems.
This International Standard defines the calculation methodology for determining the monthly and annual amount of usable daylight penetrating non-residential buildings through vertical facades and rooflights and the impact thereof on the energy demand for electric lighting. It is applicable for existing buildings and the design of new and renovated buildings. It also provides the overall lighting energy balance equation relating the installed power density of the electric lighting system with daylight supply and lighting controls (proof calculation method).
For estimating the daylight supply and rating daylight -dependent electric lighting control systems, a simple table-based calculation approach is provided. The simple method describes the division of a building into zones as required for daylight illumination-engineering purposes, as well as considerations on the way in which daylight supplied by vertical facade systems and rooflights is utilized and how daylight-dependent lighting control systems affect energy demand. Dynamic vertical facades with optional shading and light redirection properties are considered, i.e. allowing a separate optimization of facade solutions under direct insolation and under diffuse skies. For rooflighting systems, standard, static solutions like shed rooflights and continuous rooflights are considered. The method is applicable for different latitudes and climates. For standard building zones (utilizations), operation times are provided.
For detailed analysis, an approach to calculate the effect of daylight on the lighting energy demand on an hourly or sub-hourly basis is provided in this International Standard. Relevant quantities are modelled explicitly and are then interacting directly with sensors, actuators and functional elements of the building automation and control system (BACS) or are triggering user interaction.
To support overall building performance assessment, additional daylight performance indicators on the overall building level are provided in this International Standard.
This International Standard provides requirements to perform reproducible photometric and colorimetric measurements on road illumination devices, light-signalling devices and retroreflective devices to be used in road vehicles. It also provides advice for reporting the data and lists major equipment, instrumentation and procedures to record properties of approved lighting devices according to requirements specified in corresponding UN regulations.
The availability of reliable and accurate photometric data for type approval of road illumination devices, light-signalling devices and retroreflective devices is a basic requirement for the comparability between industry and test facilities as well as between technical services and approval authorities. By obtaining these data through measurements in specific normalized measuring conditions, the consistency of the data should be ensured between different laboratories within the limits of the declared measurement uncertainty.
This International Standard aims in particular to cover measurement methods for testing the compliance of approved road illumination devices, light-signalling devices and retroreflective devices with the photometric and colorimetric requirements as stated within different UN regulations for a variety of lighting applications in road vehicles. For each photometric and colorimetric property, the possible data acquisition process(es) with their uncertainties are considered individually.
The work has been performed in close contact with GTB (Groupe de Travaille Bruxelles 1952) Working Group Photometry, of which most of its members are representatives of technical services accredited for approval testing of light and light signalling devices.
It has been developed based on CIE S 025:2015 and partially incorporates the former Photometry Laboratory Accuracy Guidelines, Edition 3, 2005, as stated in GTB document CE-3874.
CIE standard illuminant A was introduced in 1932 to represent typical tungsten-filament lighting in colorimetry, and for decades it has been used as a reference spectrum in photometer calibrations.
In 2018, CIE published new LED illuminants in CIE 015:2018 Colorimetry, 4th Edition. Based on one of the new LED illuminants, this Technical Report publishes a recommendation for an LED reference spectrum, named „CIE reference spectrum L41“, for photometer calibration that complements CIE standard illuminant A. Specifically, this document includes the tabulated data of CIE reference spectrum L41 and a quality metric for selection of white LEDs for physical LED standard sources.
Information is provided about typical magnitudes of spectral mismatch errors with V(l)-filtered photometers in measurements of LEDs, as well as other types of light sources, when CIE reference spectrum L41 is used for photometer calibration instead of CIE standard illuminant A.
This Technical Report was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting, in cooperation with CIE Joint Technical Committee 6.
It is important that lighting schemes are designed appropriately to provide the right light in the right place at the right time, while being energy efficient and conforming to local, regional, and/or national regulations. It is also important that the lighting systems are operated energy efficiently and managed by suitable lighting control systems.
Carrying out a comprehensive lighting design (daylight and electric lighting) for new or refurbished buildings will yield both effective and energy efficient lighting solutions that fulfil the lighting criteria specified in the lighting application standards. The lighting design process will show how much daylight will be available and how much electric lighting is needed and what scheme solutions will satisfy the required lighting conditions during the occupied and unoccupied periods.
ISO/CIE 20086 gives a procedure to estimate the required energy and the energy efficiency of the electric lighting scheme.
There is a risk that the purpose and limitations of ISO/CIE 20086 will be misunderstood, unless the background and context to its content is explained in some detail to users. If this information would have been placed in ISO/CIE 20086, the standard would be overloaded with informative content; and the result is likely to be confusing and cumbersome, especially if ISO/CIE 20086 is referenced in local, regional, or national building codes.
Therefore, this document accompanies ISO/CIE 20086 and provides informative content to support the correct understanding, use and national implementation of the lighting standard. It also provides explanation of the lighting energy calculation methodology and working calculation example of integrated lighting control options. ISO/CIE 20086 defines the methods for estimating or measuring the amount of energy required or used for lighting in buildings. The method of separate metering of the energy used for lighting will also give regular feedback on the effectiveness of the lighting control. The methodology of energy estimation not only provides values for the Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator (LENI) but it will also provide input for the heating and cooling load estimations for the combined total energy performance of building indicator.
LENI represents the absolute amount of energy required for a lighting scheme and does not directly provide indications on the efficiency of the lighting technology employed. Therefore, a concept of expenditure factors intending to render energy flows in lighting systems more transparent is introduced in ISO/CIE 20086:2019, 6.5 and Annex E to complement LENI.
This document was revised by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and is now published in cooperation with Technical Committee ISO/TC 274, Light and Lighting.
This first edition of ISO/CIE 23539 cancels and replaces ISO 23539:2005/CIE S 010:2004, which has been technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— The scope of the document has changed to incorporate the spectral luminous efficiency functions published by the CIE for a) mesopic vision and b) 10° photopic vision, on the basis of CIE 018:2019.
— The International System of Units (SI) and its reformulation of the definition of the candela – effective on 20 May 2019 – has been incorporated (Resolution 1, 26th CGPM, 2018).
— A list of normative references has been added.
— Specific requirements have been added regarding the use of units, tabulated values and interpolation of intermediate values.
— The background of the CIE system of physical photometry, specifically the evolution of the photometric base unit, has been updated in Annex C.
— The CIE 2015 cone-fundamental-based spectral luminous efficiency functions for a) 2° field size and b) 10° field size have been added in Annex E based on CIE 170-2:2015.
The purpose of photometry is to measure light as perceived by human eyes. The brightness of a luminous surface depends not only on the amount of radiation it emits, transmits or reflects, but also on its spectral composition and on the visual response function of the observer viewing it. Because human visual response varies at different light levels and from person to person, precise photometry requires the definition of representative standard observers. The CIE system of physical photometry specifies procedures for the quantitative evaluation of optical radiation in terms of internationally agreed spectral luminous efficiency functions for human vision. V(λ) represents photopic vision, V'(λ) represents scotopic vision and Vmes;m(λ) represents mesopic vision, the latter being intermediate between photopic and scotopic vision. Furthermore, V10(λ) represents 10° photopic vision. These luminous efficiency functions adopted from CIE 018:2019 and BIPM-2019/05, together with the SI base unit, the candela, constitute a system that enables the calculation of values of photometric quantities for optical radiation as well as light-emitting, light-transmitting or light-reflecting surfaces, to be precisely determined based on the International System of Units (SI), regardless of the spectral composition of the radiation emitted, transmitted or reflected.
The CIE system of physical photometry has some limitations in respect to the brightness of coloured surfaces: two light sources of different colour but with the same measured luminance value will not necessarily be perceived as equally bright. CIE has therefore published a more complex model (CIE 200:2011) for specific situations. For eye-mediated non-image-forming effects of light induced partially or completely by the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), CIE S 026/E:2018 is used.
The fast rate at which solid-state light sources can change their luminous output is one of the main drivers behind the revolution in the lighting industry and applications of lighting. The fast rate of the intensity change means that a modulation of the luminous output, both intended and unintended, is directly linked to the modulation of the driving current. In turn, the light modulation can give rise to distortions in the perception of the environment.
While in some very specific entertainment applications a distorted perception due to light modulation is desired, for most everyday applications and activities the distortion is detrimental and undesired. These changes in the perception of the environment are called “temporal light artefacts” (TLAs) and can have a large influence on the experience of the illumination quality. Moreover, studies indicate that exposure to light exhibiting visible and measurable temporal modulation can lead to a decrease in performance, increased fatigue as well as acute health problems like migraine episodes. The potential negative effect of TLAs has prompted lighting manufacturers, lighting application specialists, universities and governments to look for ways to measure the effect and come to a better understanding of the temporal quality aspects of lighting systems. In this context, the CIE established Technical Committee (TC) 1-83 „Visual Aspects of Time-Modulated Lighting Systems“.
In 2016, the CIE published the first output of TC 1-83, Technical Note (TN) 006:2016 “Visual Aspects of Time-Modulated Lighting Systems — Definitions and Measurement Models”. This Technical Report builds on this previously published TN. In the first part of the document, the definitions for the perceptual effects that modulated light can produce are given. In the second part, an overview of the relevant literature is given as well as an overview of the parameters that influence the visibility of the different TLAs. The next part gives a description of two methods, one in the frequency domain and one in the time domain, which can be used to quantify visibility of TLAs. Three different implementations of these methods into specific visibility measures are given as an example. After that, practical guidelines are outlined on how to test light sources. Finally, recommendations are provided on the use of the definitions and quantification methods, together with directions for future work.
This Technical Report is prepared by ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting in cooperation with the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).
The content of this document represents the state of the art at the date of publication and it is not necessarily complete.
At present ipRGC-influenced responses to light (IIL responses) are often referred to as non-image-forming (NIF) or non-visual (NV) responses to reflect their distinction from perceptual vision. This document reflects that interest while allowing for the possibility for the accepted range of light responses driven by ipRGCs to expand as we gain more knowledge.
The light patterns of exposure can be beneficial or non-beneficial for humans depending on the setting, relating to spectrum, intensity, duration, and timing of the resulting light exposure.
This document provides an analysis and evaluation of the current state of the art with regard to ipRGC-influenced responses to light in applying this knowledge in the context of identified topics to be considered for use in lighting applications. This analysis has taken into consideration published scientific papers, use cases, reports, best-practice guidelines and recommendations, see Annex A. However, evaluation of the results will be based on scientifically validated findings.
Upper air ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), in combination with appropriate room ventilation, is increasingly being used as a method to reduce transmission of airborne infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. UVGI luminaires appropriate for upper room air disinfection are installed above eye level and designed to limit vertical emission spread in order to prevent exposure to occupants as much as possible. Accurate UVGI luminaire emission profiles are needed to calculate the dose required for disinfection of airborne microorganisms. A radiometric measurement protocol for UVGI luminaires is a basis for this method of measurement. This guide is intended to promote uniformity and accuracy in the measurement of UVGI luminaires. Data will be exportable to any standard electronic data file formats for use in lighting software programs adapted for UVGI application.
This document provides guidance on methods for computing and communicating colour gamuts for output colour reproduction systems such as printers and displays. Different methods for defining a colour gamut boundary are reported. A procedure for describing the colour gamut of a reproduction system is explained. A step-by-step method for calculating the volume of colour gamut is provided along with the colour gamut metrics for comparing two colour gamuts.
The document describes methods for visualization of a 3D colour gamut surface. A set of information required for reporting a colour gamut has been developed. Different methods of encoding a colour gamut boundary description are mentioned. Examples for the CxF-based encoding of colour gamut boundary descriptors are provided as electronic attachments to this document.
Infrared eye trackers are employed to achieve communication through gaze interaction, which is an important application of modern electro-optics and computer technology to the benefit of persons with disabilities who have major motor impairments, as well as for general use as a human-to-computer interaction device. By tracking eye movements of persons with severe motor disabilities, the individuals can interact with automated equipment through movements of their gaze. In addition to purely passive systems, which may only employ ambient lighting, more typical eye trackers employ active infrared eye-tracking techniques.
However, questions have arisen with regard to the potential optical radiation hazards of using infrared eye trackers for the much-extended durations of 10 to 12 hours each day for a lifetime. Conventional eye trackers employed in the research setting would rarely be used for more than an hour. Several exposure guidelines exist today, but the question has arisen whether the chronic nature of exposure for such an infrared illuminator for assistive devices falls outside the assumed conditions of daily exposure.
This technical report explores the basis of the current human exposure guidelines, their scientific basis and underlying assumptions in order to determine the direct applicability of these guidelines to this application. It is found that the most limiting exposure criterion is the infrared exposure limit to protect against delayed changes in the crystalline lens of the eye. The Technical Committee also examined some representative eye trackers and found that the day-long average exposure in these typical examples of current technology did not exceed that criterion.
This document describes the elements, function and characterization of imaging luminance measuring devices (ILMDs). Furthermore, the calibration of ILMDs is described and some guidelines for their use are provided.
Using ILMDs the projection of the luminance distribution of a scene can be recorded and made available for further evaluation. In addition to a simple documentation of measurements, the geometrical assignment of the image points into the object coordinate system often allows more complex calculations by combining luminance, directional and, if necessary, solid angle information (e.g. for glare evaluation). In addition to the flexible evaluation option, it is possible to acquire a large number of measured values quickly and, if necessary, even synchronously. Furthermore, the type of evaluation can also be coupled to the image content, i.e. the image areas to be evaluated can be determined in the image either by their position within the image or by their luminance value.
The topic of this report is discomfort glare in the context of road and vehicle lighting. It provides an overview of the research methods, mathematical models and the variables which are considered to influence discomfort glare. The report describes the difficulties associated with the evaluation and measurement of discomfort glare and the variance in the models.
One aim of the report is to encourage further research on discomfort glare using methods recommended by the proposals raised in this report. Such research will generate a greater body of credible data, thus enabling the development of a more robust model. It is intended to update this report in due course with these additional data and a revised discomfort glare model.
This document provides CIE recommended reference solar spectra for industrial applications. It contains a large selection of simulation benchmarks for total, direct and diffuse components of solar spectra under various atmospheric conditions and solar geometries (defined by the air mass). For this purpose a freely available solar spectral irradiance model has been used to generate tables and figures of solar spectral irradiance under a number of different atmospheric conditions, in the form of explicit meteorological input parameters. The data as provided in this document are to a large extent comparable to those in CIE 085-1989, but they are presented with a higher spectral sampling. The respective solar spectra are the basis for national and international standard reference spectra for various applications. They have been extensively validated against measured spectra.
This document summarizes the methods used to enhance images in order to be easily recognized by colour-deficient observers. They are classified into three major categories: recolouring, edge enhancement and pattern superposition; pros and cons are discussed. The document provides recommendations on how to choose an enhancement method for a specific application with the proviso that there is no unique technique covering all cases. Besides it describes some evaluation methods of the enhancement techniques to be proposed in the future. Three types of test images (a natural scene, a scientific visualization and an office document) are provided for the evaluations.
This CIE Standard replaces ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005:1998. It contains only minor changes from the previous standard, mainly concerning the wavelengths that are to be taken as being in standard air, to make the Standard conform to other CIE photometric and colorimetric data.
CIE standard illuminants are used in colorimetry to compute the tristimulus values of reflected or transmitted object colours under specified conditions of illumination. This International Standard specifies two illuminants for use in colorimetry:
CIE standard illuminant A
This is intended to represent typical, domestic, tungsten-filament lighting. CIE standard illuminant A should be used in all applications of colorimetry involving the use of incandescent lighting, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant.
CIE standard illuminant D65
This is intended to represent average daylight. CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used in all colorimetric calculations requiring representative daylight, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant. Variations in the relative spectral power distribution of daylight are known to occur, particularly in the ultraviolet spectral region, as a function of season, time of day, and geographic location. However, CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used pending the availability of additional information on these variations.
The numerical values of the relative spectral distributions of standard illuminants A and D65 defined by this Standard are the same, within an accuracy of six significant digits, as those defined in earlier versions of these illuminants.
This Standard has been approved by CIE and ISO.
This technical report provides basic measurement principles and practical guidance in goniospectroradiometry of optical radiation sources (i.e. measurement of the spectral distribution as a function of the emission angle of the source). Specifically, it includes measurement principles of the angular distribution of spectral, radiometric, photometric and colorimetric quantities of optical radiation sources, the related scanning method and a practical guide to determine sampling interval, uncertainty aspects and calibration.
AC-driven LEDs (AC LEDs) operate on AC power and may be connected directly to a mains supply without the need of any electronics (e.g. LED drivers or control gears) for converting AC power to a constant direct current. Similar to DC-driven LEDs (DC LEDs), accurate measurements of AC LEDs are also difficult due to the high sensitivity of optical and electrical properties of LEDs to their thermal and operating conditions. In addition, forward voltage, current, and junction temperature of an AC LED change rapidly, which makes measurements even more difficult.
This Technical Report provides guidance for optical measurements of AC LEDs, performed at testing laboratories with emphasis on reproducibility and small measurement uncertainties by accurately setting and controlling the junction temperature. The report includes measurement methods, instrumentation, and procedures. The measurement methods and procedures used for optical measurement of AC LEDs are based on a specified junction temperature using either single AC cycle operation or continuous AC operation.
CIE 237:2020 gives recommendations for the characterization, selection and application of optical radiation detectors to perform linear measurement conditions. It helps the users to find the causes of non-linear behaviour and to avoid non-linear operation. It discusses detector operating circuits, measurement conditions, detector signal measurements in different modes, and preamplifier measurements. It is shown how to produce a detector system that minimizes measurement uncertainties caused by non-linear operation. Non-linearity test methods and procedures are discussed by which the linearity of detectors and their operating circuits can be determined.
This report concerns lighting for roads where pedestrians are the primary road user. Lighting guides recommend certain criteria for design such as target illuminances. The bases of these recommendations are, however, largely unstated or were not published in international magazines and got lost. The aim of this report is therefore to provide a summary of credible, empirical evidence of the effects of changes in lighting on the visual impressions and visual performance of pedestrians, as a basis for future revisions to design standards.
The purpose of this publication is to provide guidance about the objectives and underlying principles relating to the lighting aspects of the urban nightscape. It deals with the visual, organizational, environmental, and technical elements of these aspects of urban planning. This guide identifies the lighting planning criteria that should be considered when initiatives are being taken in relation to new or existing lighting in urban areas or newly planned conurbations. Guidance is provided to both the functional and expressive aspects of lighting. This publication is intended to support those decision makers who are required to initiate, promote, and manage the night-time image of their city and who require a masterplan to provide a sound basis for long term lighting developments.
This document was prepared by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in cooperation with Technical Committee ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting. This first edition of ISO/CIE 11664-4 cancels and replaces ISO 11664-4:2008 | CIE S 014-4:2007, of which it constitutes a minor revision. The document has been editorially revised as per current ISO and CIE rules and the references have been updated.
The document specifies a method of calculating the coordinates of the CIE 1976 L*a*b* colour space, including correlates of lightness, chroma and hue. It includes two methods for calculating Euclidean distances in this space to represent the perceived magnitude of colour differences.
The document is applicable to tristimulus values calculated using colour-matching functions of the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system or the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric system. This document can be used for the specification of colour stimuli perceived as belonging to a reflecting or transmitting object, where a three-dimensional space more uniform than tristimulus space is required. The document does not apply to colour stimuli perceived as belonging to an area that appears to be emitting light as a primary light source, or that appears to be specularly reflecting such light. The document is applicable to self-luminous displays, such as cathode ray tubes, if they are being used to simulate reflecting or transmitting objects and if the stimuli are appropriately normalized. Calculating the reverse transformation is shown in Annex A.
Colour stimuli with different spectral distributions can look alike. An important function of colorimetry is to determine which stimuli look alike to a given observer with a given set of colour-matching functions. This is done by calculating a set of three tristimulus values for each stimulus. Equality of tristimulus values indicates equality of colour appearance under equal irradiation and viewing conditions. This Standard is based on long-standing CIE recommendations (CIE 15:2004 Colorimetry, 3rd edition) for the calculation of tristimulus values. It specifies methods of calculating the tristimulus values of colour stimuli for which the spectral distributions are provided. These colour stimuli may be produced by self-luminous light sources or by reflecting or transmitting objects.
The standard method is defined as summation at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range from 360 nm to 830 nm. Alternative abridged methods are defined for larger intervals (up to 5 nm) and shorter ranges (down to 380 nm to 780 nm). The alternative methods are to be used only when appropriate and when the user has reviewed the impact on the final results.
The Standard may be used in conjunction with the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer or the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer.
This Standard has been approved by CIE and ISO.
This document was prepared by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in cooperation with Technical Committee ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting. This first edition of ISO/CIE 11664-1 cancels and replaces ISO 11664-1:2007 | CIE S 014-1:2006, of which it constitutes a minor revision.
The document has been editorially revised as per current ISO and CIE rules and the references have been updated. The document specifies colour-matching functions for use in colorimetry. Two sets of colour-matching functions are specified:
— Colour-matching functions for the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer.
This set of colour-matching functions is representative of the colour-matching properties of observers with normal colour vision for visual field sizes of angular subtense from about 1° to about 4°, for vision at photopic levels of adaptation.
— Colour-matching functions for the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer.
This set of colour-matching functions is representative of the colour-matching properties of observers with normal colour vision for visual field sizes of angular subtense greater than about 4°, for vision at sufficiently high photopic levels and with spectral power distributions such that no participation of the rod receptors of the retina is to be expected.
Array spectroradiometers are used pervasively in light measurement. However, their properties are not widely understood by users. This report seeks to educate users in the characteristics of array spectroradiometers that are important to obtaining accurate measurement results. Moreover, performance indices are proposed that will enable users to rank instruments according to the properties that affect their applications. In many cases, if the array spectroradiometer is properly characterized, correction can be made to measurements that will improve the accuracy. Details of the nature and use of these corrections are given. Calibration procedures and uncertainties are discussed for various common quantities, giving a sound foundation to measurements. Background information, underlying the discussions, is found in the annexes and references.
In 1995 the CIE Technical Committee 3-13 developed the Unified Glare Rating (UGR) to predict discomfort glare for indoor lighting systems. For practical reasons, the UGR is based on the average source luminance. The introduction of LEDs in general lighting enabled many new luminaire designs, sometimes with unprecedented high luminance contrasts. The literature review presented in this report shows that UGR tends to underestimate the discomfort provoked by such luminaires with highly non-uniform source luminance. Several UGR correction methods are evaluated by comparison to experimental data on experienced discomfort from uniform and non-uniform light sources. The preferred method involves a precise definition of the glare source area based on a luminance image of the source. This method solves the discrepancies between UGR and perceived glare from non-uniform light sources. To guide future work on glare prediction methods, the remaining shortcomings of UGR are briefly reviewed.
This Technical Report has been prepared by Technical Committee (TC) 4-55 of CIE Division 4 „Transportation and Exterior Applications“ (formerly TC 5-26 of Division 5 „Exterior Lighting and Other Applications”) and has been approved by the Board of Administration and by Division 4 of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. The document reports on current knowledge and experience within the specific field of light and lighting described, and is intended to be used by all with an interest in excellence in light and lighting. The information provided here is advisory, and not mandatory.
The document is an extended and revised edition of Publication CIE 83-1989 Guide for the lighting of sport events for colour television and film systems, 2nd edition, replacing CIE 83-1989. The document summarizes television and film techniques with regard to their influencing and determining the lighting needs. Detailed quantitative guidance is provided on the quality aspects to be fulfilled for colour television and colour film including vertical illuminance, uniformity of horizontal illuminance, flicker, colour temperature and colour rendering of the lighting together with lighting requirements on the surrounding spectator areas. Reference is made to HDTV broadcasting techniques.
This document was prepared by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in cooperation with Technical Committee ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting. This first edition of ISO/CIE 17166 cancels and replaces ISO 17166:1999 | CIE S 007-1998, of which it constitutes a minor revision. The document has been editorially revised as per current ISO and CIE rules and the references have been updated.
The document specifies the erythema reference action spectrum, ser(), and the standard erythema dose (SED). The problem of dosimetry in skin photobiology lies in the fact that the ability of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to elicit erythema in human skin depends strongly on wavelength, encompassing a range of four orders of magnitude between 250 nm and 400 nm. Thus, a statement that a subject received an exposure dose of 1 J·cm−2 (104 J·m−2) of UV radiation conveys nothing about the consequences of that exposure in terms of erythema. If the radiation source was a UV-A fluorescent lamp, no erythemal response would be seen apart from in people exhibiting severe, abnormal pathological photosensitivity. The same dose delivered from an unfiltered mercury arc lamp or fluorescent sun-lamp would result in marked violaceous erythema in most white-skinned individuals. Consequently, photobiologists have long recognized the need to express the exposure as an erythemally weighted quantity.
The term „minimal erythema dose (MED)“ has been used widely as a measure of erythemal radiation. This is unreasonable because the MED is not a standard measure of anything but, on the contrary, encompasses the variable nature of individual sensitivity to UV radiation. Variables that affect the MED include: optical and radiometric characteristics of the source; determinants of the exposure, such as dose increment and field size; nature of the skin, such as pigmentation, previous light exposure and anatomical site; and observational factors, such as definition of the endpoint, time of reading after exposure and ambient illumination. To avoid further confusing misuse of the term MED, it is proposed that this term be reserved solely for observational studies in humans and other animals, and that the term „standard erythema dose (SED)“ be used as a standardized measure of erythemogenic UV radiation.
On 20 May 2019 the International System of Units (SI) underwent a fundamental change. By decision, made at the 26th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in Versailles, France, all SI units are now defined in terms of seven constants that describe the natural world. This assures the future stability of the SI and opens the opportunity for the use of new technologies, including quantum technologies, to implement the definitions. In the revised SI the photometric quantities are linked to the radiometric quantities by defining a constant for photometry – the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 Hz, Kcd = 683 lm/W.
This publication, a major revision of CIE 18.2-1983, was jointly developed by CIE and the Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR) of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) with the main purpose of updating it for the new SI and providing the link between the definition of the candela and the updated set of internationally agreed spectral luminous efficiency functions. This revision presents the basic conventions and principles of physical photometry, with the definitions of the photometric units as reformulated in the revised SI and the photometric quantities and spectral luminous efficiency functions, including those for mesopic vision based on CIE 191:2010 and the 10° photopic vision based on CIE 165:2005 as well as for photopic and scotopic vision. The relationships between the photometric quantities and the radiometric quantities based on the constant Kcd are described, as well as the relationships between photochemical and photobiological quantities and photometric quantities. The conventions of colorimetry are presented, with the definitions of the colour-matching functions for the 2° and 10° field of view, tristimulus values, and chromaticity coordinates.
The properties of illuminance meters and luminance meters are characterized by a number of selected quality indices defined in ISO/CIE 19476:2014 “Characterization of the Performance of Illuminance Meters and Luminance Meters”, previously published as CIE S 023:2013.
This Technical Report summarizes existing national and regional classification systems of illuminance meters and luminance meters and recommends a CIE classification system. Like existing systems, the proposed CIE classification system is based on limit values for the different indices; but differently to all existing systems, the uncertainty of the determination of the quality indices is explicitly considered in the classification. In the annex some application-related requirements are recommended that should be considered where appropriate. The CIE classification system attributes a class to each quality index from 4* down to 1*, where 4* is the best quality. The lowest class of all quality indices specifies the class of the instrument. It is the first internationally agreed classification system for photometric measurement devices.
This standard provides requirements to perform reproducible photometric and colorimetric measurements on LED lamps, LED modules, and LED luminaires (LED devices). It also provides advice for the reporting of the data. The availability of reliable and accurate photometric data for LED devices is a basic requirement for designing good lighting systems and evaluating performance of products. By obtaining these data through measurements in specific normalized measuring conditions, the consistency of the data should be ensured between different laboratories (within the limits of the declared measurement uncertainty) and comparison of different products on the same basis is possible.
The standard specifies the requirements for measurement of electrical, photometric, and colorimetric quantities of LED lamps, LED modules and LED luminaires, for operation with AC or DC supply voltages, possibly with associated LED control gear. LED light engines are assimilated to LED modules and handled accordingly. Photometric and colorimetric quantities covered in this standard include total luminous flux, luminous efficacy, partial luminous flux, luminous intensity distribution, centre-beam intensity, luminance and luminance distribution, chromaticity coordinates, correlated colour temperature (CCT), colour rendering index (CRI), and angular colour uniformity. This standard does not cover LED packages and products based on OLEDs (organic LEDs).
The standard aims in particular to cover measurement methods for testing the compliance of LED devices with the photometric and colorimetric requirements of LED performance standards issued by IEC/TC 34 “Lamps and related equipment”.
As LED devices offer a large variety of configurations in respect to geometry and/or colour, the photometric and colorimetric performances are considered individually for each configuration.
This document is a Technical Specification outlining a way of working to determine the maintenance factor for both outdoor and indoor lighting installations using the methodology as described in CIE 154:2003 and CIE 097:2005.
The document combines insights from IEC standards with regard to product performance of luminaires and light sources currently in the market with the existing determination methodology from CIE Technical Reports.
Furthermore, it references the data in the CIE Technical Reports with regard to the impact of the environment on luminaires (accumulation of dirt on surfaces and luminaires).
The document provides background information with respect to the principles of the maintenance factor and the relevant parameters for indoor and outdoor applications, a detailed way of working on how to apply the maintenance factor determination method (as described in CIE 154:2003 and CIE 097:2005) for outdoor and indoor lighting designs using the technologies available in the market, and an explanation and examples on how to apply the maintenance factor and how to ensure proper operation over time corresponding to the determined values.
This document is a Technical Specification outlining a way of working to determine the maintenance factor for both outdoor and indoor lighting installations using the methodology as described in CIE 154:2003 and CIE 097:2005.
The document combines insights from IEC standards with regard to product performance of luminaires and light sources currently in the market with the existing determination methodology from CIE Technical Reports.
Furthermore, it references the data in the CIE Technical Reports with regard to the impact of the environment on luminaires (accumulation of dirt on surfaces and luminaires).
The document provides background information with respect to the principles of the maintenance factor and the relevant parameters for indoor and outdoor applications, a detailed way of working on how to apply the maintenance factor determination method (as described in CIE 154:2003 and CIE 097:2005) for outdoor and indoor lighting designs using the technologies available in the market, and an explanation and examples on how to apply the maintenance factor and how to ensure proper operation over time corresponding to the determined values.
This document specifies the methodology for evaluating the energy performance of lighting systems for providing general illumination inside non-residential buildings and for calculating or measuring the amount of energy required or used for lighting inside buildings.
This document does not cover lighting requirements, the design of lighting systems, the planning of lighting installations, the characteristics of lighting equipment (lamps, control gear and luminaires) and systems used for display lighting, desk lighting or luminaires built into furniture. This document does not provide any procedure for the dynamic simulation of lighting scene setting.
This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 4-15 of Division 4 “Transportation and Exterior Applications“ and has been approved by the Board of Administration and by Division 4 of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage.
This report is a revision and update of CIE Publication 140-2000 Road Lighting Calculations. It replaces CIE 140-2000. In comparison to the previous edition, clauses in this report are corrected and improved where necessary, taking into account recent CIE publications. Values of luminous intensity are generally not per kilolumen, taking into account LED luminaires. The calculation of the threshold increment (TI) is improved and the previous calculation formula is corrected. The edge illuminance ratio (EIR) is introduced, replacing the surround ratio (SR), previously used. The linear interpolation method is accepted as satisfactory for application both in I-tables as well as r-tables. A new Test Data clause is prepared to provide a standard set of input data for testing purposes together with benchmark results of the calculated lighting quality criteria of road lighting installations.
This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 1-81 of Division 1 „Vision and Colour”. It reports on the performance of colour-difference formulae based on the results of experiments to evaluate colour differences visually. The report addresses small colour differences of adjacent colours. Visual responses are compared with calculated colour differences using five colour-difference formulae: CIELAB, CMC, LABJND, CIE94, and CIEDE2000. A power-function (PF) correction is also included. Using the STRESS index, the performances of the colour-difference formulae are tested without and with the PF correction.
In addition to the COM dataset used for the development of CIEDE2000, nine new datasets (with particular emphasis on colour differences below 2 CIELAB units) are included in this study. The datasets can be downloaded from the CIE server.
After completion of the tutorial participants will be able to:
explain and apply the standardized light metrology of CIE S 026 that is based on five (a-opic) retinal photoreceptor types that influence human health and wellbeing via non-visual photoreception and circadian rhythms; and
characterize, compare and rudimentarily design lighting environments and spectra that use non-visual photoreception to reinforce human health, sleep, well being and performance in specific user groups.
The focus of the tutorial is the explanation and application of the a-opic metrology of CIE S 026:2018 in lighting applications, specifications, metrology and research. Invited experts will present lectures that explain the newly defined CIE metrics and quantities and the use of the CIE Toolbox. In addition, various familiar examples like indoor lighting for the workplace and domestic settings, self-luminous displays and natural daylight will be discussed. The role and performance of wearable spectral light loggers will also be covered.
This Technical Report has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 1-85 of Division 1 „Colour and Vision” and has been approved by the Board of Administration as well as by Division 1 of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. This publication provides the recommendations of the CIE concerning colorimetry. Specifically, it includes the use of the standard colorimetric observers and standard illuminants, the reference standard for reflectance, the illuminating and viewing conditions, the calculation of tristimulus values, chromaticity coordinates, colour space coordinates and colour differences and various other colorimetric practices and formulae.
As a new feature, the publication also includes further details of advanced colorimetry, including colour appearance models, and new findings on cone-fundamental-based tristimulus functions, with appropriate references to other CIE publications. Additionally, new illuminants for different LED types are introduced.
Tables of the data used in this report are made electronically available for purchasers of this publication via respective download links within the document.
This publication is consistent with the fundamental data and procedures described in the CIE International Standards on colorimetry.
For further details of some of the phenomena discussed in the document the reader is directed to the appropriate CIE Technical Reports.
This report replaces CIE 15:2004 “Colorimetry, 3rd Edition”. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 111 pages with one figure and 26 tables and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
This report is a second supplement to CIE 198:2011 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties in Photometry for the determination of measurement uncertainties associated with the values of selected quantities in photometry. It deals with spectral measurements and combinations of measured spectral distributions, in particular with the effect of correlations between the measured spectral values that arise from the measurement and calibration processes.
Guidelines are given for identifying sources of correlation in spectral measurements. Calibration is treated as a transfer from a reference to the object of interest. Various processes of interpolation and correction may be applied to measured spectral values before they are combined. Examples of treating correlations introduced by such processes are included. Uncertainties in a number of important radiometric and photometric quantities determined from spectral measurements are provided, including the use of Monte-Carlo methods.
Photometer examples covered are photometric response, photometer V(λ) mismatch index and spectral mismatch factor. Dominant wavelength, correlated colour temperature and blue-light hazard measurements are covered, with particular emphasis on LED sources.
The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 78 pages with 35 figures and 14 tables and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
The following members of TC 2-72 “The Evaluation of Uncertainties in Measurement of the Optical Properties of Solid State Lighting Devices, including coloured LEDs” took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 2 “Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation”.
Light is the main synchronizer of the human biological clock. It can shift the phase of the circadian rhythm and can regulate the timing and quality of our sleep. Light in the evening and at night can be disruptive for sleep and cause acute suppression of the nocturnal release of the hormone melatonin. There are also reports that light can increase heart rate, improve alertness, alleviate seasonal and non-seasonal depression, influence thermoregulation, and affect the electroencephalogram (EEG) spectrum. Exposure to light elicits fast responses (i.e. in the range of milliseconds and seconds) in the pupillary reflex or in brain activity. Lighting standards, regulations and practice often focus on visual and energy efficiency aspects of light and do not address non-image-forming (NIF) responses to light. This can result in lighting conditions that compromise human well-being, health and functioning.
The above-mentioned biological effects of light are elicited by stimulation of ocular photoreceptors. The classical receptors for vision, the rods and cones, are relatively well understood and characterized by existing CIE publications. Pioneering work over the last 25 years revealed that the eye has another kind of photoreceptor. This photoreceptor plays an important role in non-visual effects of light and has a peak sensitivity in the shorter wavelength part of the visible spectrum. Such photoreceptors are known as intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), and their intrinsic photosensitivity is based on the photopigment melanopsin that is contained within them.
For non-image-forming effects of light, a description of optical radiation solely according to the photopic action spectrum is not sufficient. Moreover, there is no single action spectrum for non-visual responses. The actual NIF effects due to ocular exposure to light depend on the combined responses of all photoreceptors and there is good evidence for the potential for all receptor types to contribute to these responses.
The International Standard CIE S 026/E:2018 defines spectral sensitivity functions, quantities and metrics to describe the ability of optical radiation to stimulate each of the five photoreceptor types that can contribute, via the melanopsin-containing intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), to retina-mediated non-visual effects of light in humans. The document is applicable to visible optical radiation in the wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm. In addition, the document includes information concerning the effects of age and field of view (FOV) when quantifying retinal photoreceptor stimulation for ipRGC-influenced responses to light (IIL responses).
The document does not give complete information for particular lighting applications, or for the quantitative prediction of IIL responses. The document is not intended for colorimetric contexts, nor does it address health or safety issues such as those resulting from light treatment, flicker or photobiological safety and only relates to retinal photoreception. Tables of the data of the action spectra of the five photoreceptor types defined in this document are made electronically available for purchasers of this publication via a respective download link.
This CIE International Standard has been prepared by Joint Technical Committee (JTC) 9 “CIE system for metrology of ipRGC influenced light response” of Division 1 „Vision and Colour“, Division 2 „Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation“, Division 3 „Interior Environment and Lighting Design“, and Division 6 „Photobiology and Photochemistry“ of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage, under lead of Division 6. It has been approved by the CIE National Committees. It is readily available at the National Committees of the CIE or via the CIE Webshop.
The objective of this report is to lay the groundwork for developing a recommendation on the measurement of effective intensity of flashing lights used for signalling applications. It recommends a convolutional method that will rest on some defined visual impulse response function to calculate the effectivity intensity. As one of such realizations of convolutional methods, the Modified Allard Method with an infinite time window is described. However it is not yet an official recommendation due to the lack of experimental verification and the need for further research. This report also provides guidance on physical measurements of effective intensity for the described method, for flashing lights using any type of light sources including xenon flash tubes, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and rotating beacons, which produce pulse widths in the range from microseconds to seconds. This report does not cover specific measurement requirements for signalling light products. While this document refers to flashing lights, the described method applies also to occulting lights, isophase lights, and groups of flashes of varying duration.
The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 46 pages with 32 figures and 5 tables and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
The following members of TC 2-49 “Groundwork for Measurement of Effective Intensity of Flashing Lights” took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 2 “Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation”.
Contemporary colour media, to which a self-luminous grey (or more generally, neutral) scale would apply, include light emitting diode (LED) displays and liquid crystal displays (LCD). Every colour-difference calculation has a neutral or achromatic component. In stand-alone mode, this neutral scale can be used to calculate barely-visible threshold changes in luminance, equal-appearing suprathreshold steps of grey scale, matching grey appearance or conspicuousness of grey targets during visual search. CIE lightness, L*, as part of the CIELAB and CIELUV colour spaces, was developed to serve similar purposes for reflective materials, and it was adapted in 1983 for use with cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays. Self-luminous devices such as computer displays, wide-area luminaires (when used not for lighting but for artistic or information purposes), advertising media, signage, safety lights, scientific and medical displays, avionics and heads-up displays, often exhibit high luminance, high spatial resolution and high contrast that require a self-luminous neutral scale. A self-luminous neutral scale does not require specification of a reference white; instead it is a function of the background luminance of the visual target, thus the scale has no upper limit. Because the self-luminous neutral scale can involve high contrast over a small visual subtense, it accounts for intraocular scattering. Finally, a self-luminous neutral scale enables the calculation of colour differences (e.g. CIELAB, CIEDE2000, or OSA-UCS) between self-luminous image segments, including consideration of a neutral point. This report recommends a method to calculate a self-luminous neutral scale fulfilling these requirements. The report also refers to applications, for which the recommended calculation could be improved:
for mesopic light levels (e.g. cinema and video);
to calculate effects of any particular visual subtense and shape of contrasts;
to reflect the effects of stimulus geometry (e.g. comparison of adjoining fields versus separated fields);
to incorporate post-retinal effects (e.g. due to visual cortical computations, such as the white point), and highlights in the surround not adjoining the visual target.
The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 38 pages with 7 figures and 4 tables and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
The following members of TC 1-93 “Grey-Scale Calculation for Self-Luminous Devices” took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 1 “Vision and Colour”.
This report summarizes lighting recommendations on lighting and visual environment in interior spaces such as offices, public spaces, and residences for healthy older people (defined as people aged 50 years and older) with normal vision, and people with low vision, and implements guidelines described in CIE 196:2011 into practical solutions.
The report provides (1) illuminance recommendations, derived from simulations with existing visual models for older people, (2) state of art of studies on how light helps people with low vision see objects by reviewing recent literature, and (3) design guidelines for lighting practitioners how to design appropriate visual environments for people with low vision.
The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 73 pages with 46 figures and 9 tables and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
This publication is also available in Spanish.
The following members of TC 3-44 “Lighting for older people and people with visual impairment in buildings“ took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 3 “Interior Environment and Lighting
There are significant differences between LED packages or LED chips and conventional light sources which require measurements under specific measurement conditions.
The absence of a heat sink allows only to use short current pulses for the optical measurements in order to avoid significant heating of the device under test. The readings under these pulsed conditions can be converted into values under the final application conditions e.g. by using the corresponding datasheet information. The high-speed measurement procedures necessary for high-volume production testing require also special measurement configurations. These are based on the recommendations of the Technical Report CIE 127:2007 or should at least be traceable back to these.
This report describes in detail the measurement procedures and configurations that can be used to perform high-speed measurements on LED packages and LED chips. Specific properties of LEDs which need to be considered (e.g. current and temperature dependency of electrical and optical properties) are also highlighted.
The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 42 pages with 31 figures and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
The following members of TC 2-64 “High-speed testing methods for LEDs” took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 2 “Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation”.
Measurement results for light emitting diodes (LEDs) strongly depend on their thermal conditions. In order to achieve reproducible results with small uncertainties it is critical to accurately set and control the junction temperature of an LED during the time of optical measurement. This technical report describes the methods and procedures for measurement of high-power LEDs (HP-LEDs) under DC operation to acquire photometric, radiometric, and colorimetric quantities at a specified junction temperature.
The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 46 pages with 15 figures and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
The following members of TC 2-63 “Optical Measurement of High-Power LEDs” took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 2 “Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation”.
The CIE Colour Rendering Index (CRI), defined in CIE 13.3-1995, in particular the general colour rendering index, Ra, is widely adopted and used by the lighting industry, in regulatory documents and in international and regional standards and specifications. However, limitations of the CRI have been recently addressed, especially for solid-state light sources, whereby the Ra values do not always correlate well with visual evaluation by general users. This mismatch arises, first, from inaccuracies of the CRI in its intended role as a colour fidelity index; and second, from perception-related colour quality effects beyond colour fidelity. It was determined by the CIE that, for both aspects, better colour quality characterization methods are needed to measure and specify white-light sources, and the work was divided into two corresponding tasks: (1) to develop a scientifically accurate colour fidelity index, assigned to TC 1-90, and (2) to develop one or more perception-related colour quality measures beyond fidelity, assigned to TC 1-91 for initial work.
This Technical Report, developed by TC 1-90, is a research report describing a general colour fidelity index, Rf, as a scientifically accurate measure of colour fidelity with respect to a reference illuminant, although there still remain some technical issues for further research. This colour fidelity index, based on the fidelity index of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, defined in TM-30-15, addresses aspects for only the first part of the limitations of the CRI – it does not address the need for perception-related colour quality measure(s) beyond fidelity. However, it does address several previously reported inaccuracies of the CRI as a colour fidelity measure. The important improvements of this measure, relative to the CRI, are the update of the colour difference calculation, in particular the object colour space, and the incorporation of 99 test-colour samples which provide a more uniform distribution of slope and curvature values as a function of wavelength and which have colour appearance values that are more widely and uniformly distributed in the three dimensions of a uniform colour space.
The general colour fidelity index, Rf, represents how closely the colour appearances of the entire sample set are reproduced (rendered) on average by a test light as compared to those under a reference illuminant. Thus, similar to the general colour rendering index, Ra, the general colour fidelity index, Rf, combines the computed colour differences for all test-colour samples in one single average index value, and is only one aspect of colour quality not considering perception/preference effects. Therefore, it is considered that such unintended uses of CRI as an overall colour quality measure for end users is not better fulfilled by the more scientifically accurate general colour fidelity index, Rf. This is because the users’ evaluation is influenced by factors beyond colour fidelity such as chroma effects, and the detailed nature of specific illumination tasks. The general colour fidelity index, Rf, is therefore not a replacement of the general colour rendering index, Ra, neither for the purpose of rating and specification of products nor for regulatory or other minimum performance requirements. Replacement of the CRI will be a matter of future study and discussion that will include the evaluation of the general colour fidelity index, Rf, along with development of a harmonized set of new colour quality measures for assessing perception-related effects beyond colour fidelity and practical aspects for manufacturers and end-users.
Excel calculation tools for the CIE 2017 Colour Fidelity Index, including a table of the spectral data of the 99 Test Colour Samples, are made available in connection with the publication.
The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 52 pages with 4 figures and 12 tables and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
The following members of TC 1-90 “Colour Fidelity Index” took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 1 “Colour and Vision”.
This technical report describes the basic model of multispectral imaging technology followed by the requirements and the examples of multispectral image formats suitable for colour imaging applications. Four example formats are introduced and compared in typical use cases: JPEG 2000, Spectral Binary File Format, Natural Vision, and multispectral image file format AIX. The specifications of those formats except for JPEG 2000 are provided in the Annex.
The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 68 pages with 10 figures and 25 tables and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
The following members of TC 8-07 „Multispectral imaging“ took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 8 „Image Technology“.
TThis report offers guidelines in order to balance lighting quality, user comfort and energy efficiency in lighting controls solutions for lighting in non-residential buildings (i.e. for commercial, institutional and industrial buildings). It provides a decision scheme with a focus on the user requirements (visual comfort, performance, personal control) to determine the most applicable control solution, including the consequences for possible savings. In this, it assumes that there are no technological or financial hurdles. The decision scheme identifies 16 possible control strategies, for both daylight and electric lighting, and provides guidance for which strategy would be most effective in each of the 12 cases defined by space usage and occupancy.
This report is a revision and update of CIE 150:2003 Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Obtrusive Light from Outdoor Lighting Installations. The purpose of this Guide is to help formulate guidelines for assessing the environmental impacts of outdoor lighting and to give recommended limits for relevant lighting parameters to contain the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting within tolerable levels. As the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting are best controlled initially by appropriate design, the guidance given is primarily applicable to new installations; however, some advice is also provided on remedial measures which may be taken for existing installations.
This Guide refers to the potentially adverse effects of outdoor lighting on both natural and man-made environments for people in most aspects of daily life, from residents, sightseers, transport users to environmentalists and astronomers. (Astronomers also see CIE 126-1997.)
The daytime appearance of the lighting installation is important. The size and nature of the lighting support structures may be intrusive by day although this subject is not addressed in this Guide.
The publication replaces CIE 150:2003 Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Obtrusive Light from Outdoor Lighting Installations.
The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 54 pages with 11 figures and 15 tables and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
The following members of TC 5-28 “Guide on the Limitation of the Effects of Obtrusive Light” took part in the preparation of this Technical Report. The committee comes under Division 5 “Exterior Lighting and Other Applications”.
The aim of the International Lighting Vocabulary (ILV) is to promote international standardization in the use of quantities, units, symbols and terminology related to the science and art of light and lighting, colour and vision, metrology of optical radiation over the ultraviolet, visible and infrared region, photobiology and photochemistry, and image technology. This vocabulary provides the definitions and essential information necessary for the understanding and correct usage of the terms included. It does not give extensive detail or explanations of the application of these terms; such information, relevant for experts in each specialized field, is available in the Technical Reports and International Standards produced by the CIE.
SO/CIE 28077:2016 specifies the action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers.
ISO/CIE 11664-5:2016 specifies the method of calculating the coordinates of the CIE 1976 L*u*v* colour space including correlates of lightness, chroma, saturation and hue. It includes two methods for calculating Euclidean distances in this space to represent the relative perceived magnitude of colour differences. It also specifies the method of calculating the coordinates of the u′,v′ uniform chromaticity scale diagram.
ISO/CIE 11664-5:2016 is applicable to tristimulus values calculated using the colour-matching functions of the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system or the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric system. This part of ISO/CIE 11664 may be used for the specification of colour stimuli perceived as belonging to a reflecting or transmitting object, where a three-dimensional space more uniform than tristimulus space is required. This includes self-luminous displays, like cathode ray tubes, if they are being used to simulate reflecting or transmitting objects and if the stimuli are appropriately normalized. This part of ISO/CIE 11664, as a whole, does not apply to colour stimuli perceived as belonging to an area that appears to be emitting light as a primary light source or that appears to be specularly reflecting such light. Only the u′,v′ uniform chromaticity scale diagram defined in 4.1 and the correlates of hue and saturation defined in 4.3 apply to such colour stimuli.